US regulators finalized rules yesterday requiring water utility operators to replace all lead pipes used in water lines within 10 years. The regulation, first announced in November, also requires utilities to test all water systems used by elementary schools, the first-ever national requirement.
Lead replaced iron as the preferred metal for drinking water pipes in the US in the late 1800s due to its durability, malleability, and resistance to corrosion. However, the health effects of lead poisoning—which include developmental issues in children and heart disease in adults—have long been known (see background). By 1900, roughly 70% of large cities used lead in water pipes, as well as in gasoline, paint, and more. Its usage in pipes in new construction was federally banned in 1986, but communities continued to be affected, particularly in Flint, Michigan's water crisis a decade ago.
The Environmental Protection Agency estimates more than 9 million US homes are serviced water via lead pipes. Analysts say the cost of replacement could exceed $45B.
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